αេαៀααីα‘: α’ំαីαាαា C/C++
C α¬ C++
αា Programming Language αែααααេα αំαាα់αα្αើα
αα្ααិαីαំαើααាααើαុំα្αូα័αα៏αាαα្ααិα្αិαាα αែαα’αុα្αាαα’ោα
αុំα្αូα័α α្αើαួααាα់αាα់αិαα្αឹαα្αូα ។
1. α្ααα្αិαα្αេα
-1960 αេαាααα្αើααាαាαααេααα្ααិαីαួαα្αោះ ALGOLαែααា αូαα្αាαα្αឹះαៃαα αាαα្α័α្αααα់αα្ααិαី។-
-1967 αោα Martin Rechards αាααα្αើααាαាαααេααα្ααិαី CPL αα្αាα់αααោα Martin Rechart αាααα្αើααាαាαួααៀαα្αោះ BCPL αែααា Version α្αីααα់ CPL ។
-1970 αោα Ken Tomson αាαុα្ααិαα្αាα់αៅαα្αីααិαោαα៍ Bell αាααααិαីαα្αα៍αីαាαា BCPL αααα្αើααាαា B αែααា Version α្αីααα់ BCPL αែααាααα្ααះα ្αាα់αាα់αើα្αីα្αើα្αាα់α្αុα System Programming
-1972 αាααុα្ααិααួααាααាαα្αាα់ααα់αោα Ken Tomson α្αោះ Dennis Ritchie αាααααាααាααាα់α្αែααាα ្αើαα្αុααាααិαα្αα៍αាαា BCPL αៅ B αααα្αើααាαាαួα αែααើααាαα្αាα់αααα់αα ្α ុα្αα្α αឺαាαា C ។
-1983 αិα្αាα្αាα ANSI αាααα្αើαααះαα្αាαិαាααួα αើα្αីαំαα់ αាαា C α’ោααាααα្ααះα្αα់αា αួα αំαα់α្αោះαា ANSI C ។
C / C++ αាαាαាαααេααα្ααិαីαួα αែααាααាαα្αី α្αាα αូα αែααើααាααឹα α៏α្αោះαែα្ααα្α័αំαើααាα UNIX αឺαα្αើα α‘ើααោααាαា Assembly α ើαα្αើααែαាំαα’α់ α្αូααាα αααេα α‘ើααោααាαា C / C++ ។ α្αុαα’ំα‘ុαα ុααααα្α 1970 αៅα្ααេααឿααឿααួαα ំαួα αាαា C / C++ α្αូααាααេ α្αα្α α្αាααិααα្α ូោα្αុααα្ααិαីαិα្αាαៅαាαα’αុαិα្αាα័α αិα្αាα័α αិα αα ាαិα្αាα័α α្αោះαាαាαាαាαួααែααៅαៀα UNIX αិααាα C Compiler αែαα’ាα α’ោααើα Compile αូααែααើααាααααេα ។
2. αាααα្αើααα្ααិαីαៃαាαា C/C++
*Editing
α្αុααំαាα់αាααេះαឺαាαាααα្αើα Source Code ααα់ C/C++ αិααាααាα់α្αោះα’ោα Source Code αែααាααααេααួα ។ αាαូαៅα្αោះααα់ Source Code αែααាααាα់α្αោះα’ោα
αាααα្ααះαំαាα់ ( xxxxxxx.c ) αំαាα់ C αិα ( xxxxxx.cpp ) αំαាα់ C++ ។
α្αុααាααααេααំαូαα’ោααាααα្ααααេααូααូα αា Turbo C++/C , Code Block , Dev C++ …..
*Compiling
α្αុααំαាα់αាααេះ Compiling αំαែα Source Code αៅαា Machine Code αែααុំα្αូα័αα’ាα αα់αាα α្αααាំαα្αែααα αួα αα្α ាααូααាα Error (α្ααិααើαាα) ។ α្ααិααើα្αាααាα Error αើααាααេ αោះαាαឹααα្αើααាα Object Code αែαα្αូαα្αុαα្αុα File αួαα្αេααៀααឺ Object File αែααាααំαាα់ ( xxxxxx.obj ) ។
*Linking
α្αុααំαាα់αាααេះ Linker αាαα្αំαα្α ូααៅ Object Code αាαួααិα Module Code αែαα’ាααααី Program Library (α្αែααាំ α្αααα់ CPL) αួα αα្αើααា Execut_able File αែααាααα្ααះαំαាα់ ( xxxxxx.exe ) ។ α្α៉ាααិααៀα Linker α៏α’ាα α្αែααα αិα αα្α ាααូααាα Error αααែα ។
*Execution
α្αុααំαាα់αាααេះ αឺαាαំαាα់αាαα ុαα្αោα αៃαាα αំαើααាααα្ααិαី αែααំαាα់αាααាំααីαាααើ αំαើααាα αាα αោααោαα័α ។ α៏α៉ុα្αែα្αុααំαាα់αាααេះ α៏αាααាα Error αើααាα αααែα α្ααិααើαាααាααុααីαα្αα័α្ααំαα់αាαួα αូα αាαាαα’ោααំαៃαុααីαα្αα័α្αααα់αា αេះαេα ៅαា Logic Error ។
3. αំαα់αូαៅαៃαាαា C/C++
α§αាα αα៍
#include<stdio.h> αា Library Function αំαាα់αាαា C
#include<iostream> αា Library Function αំαាα់αាαា C++
using namespace std;
int x = 10; αាαាαα្ααាαα’α្αាαិα្ααេα Global Declarations
int y = 15;
int main(){
int a = 50; αាαាαα្ααាαα’α្αាαិα្ααេα Local Declarations
int b = 80;
printf(“value of x = %d\n”,x);
cout<<“value of x =”<<x<<endl;
……….
return 0;
}
4.Data Type
αឺαា Standard Type αែαα្αូααាααេα្αើαំαាα់ αំαα់αែα αំαៃααα់α’αេα α្α α ំαួααេααោះαៅαេααែααើαα្ααាα់ αើα្αី α្αើα្αាα់ ។ Standard Type αំαាα់ααៅα្αុααាαា C++ αាααូα αា
5.Variable
α’αេααឺαាαំα ំαែαα’ាα α្αែα្αួααំαៃ α’αេαααα់αα្ααិαីαឺαាα្αោះαៃαំαα់ Memory αα្αាααិα្αα័α។αα្αាαα’αេαα្αូααាαα្ααាα់αោαααៀααាα់α្αោះα’αេααៅα្αែα Variable Declarition ។
α្αោះα’αេα / Identifiers(Variable Name) : α’αេααែαα្αូααាα α្ααាα់αំαាα់α្αើα្αាα់α្αុααាαាαααេααα្ααិαី ។ αើαα’ាα αំαα់ α្αោះα’ោαα’αេα αាααាααេα α្αីα្αូααាαα ើαα្αោះαែαα្ααាα់αួα α្αូααាααα្αាαុαα្αុαMemory αែααាααំα ំ α’ាα្α័ααៅ αាαα្ααេα αិα្αα័αααα់α’αេααោះ។
Identifiers α្αោះαែαα្αើαំαាα់αាαα’ោαα’α្αាαិαាαួα α ើααាααាαα្αោះαេះαាααα្αα័α្ααូα ααៅ
-A,B,C….a,b,c…αាαួα’α្ααα’α់α្αេα αឺ underscore ” _ ” αាំαុααាαិα ្α
-α ាαααα្αា
-1,2,3,4,…9 α’ាα αាααួαេααែαិαα’ាα αៅαាααុααេαេ
-α ាαα្αើα្αោះαាα់αឹα Keyword
-α ាαα្αើ Symbol as & % + – / ^ . \ | ……
-α’ាα α្αើ underscore ” _ ” α ំαួααាαααα្αា
α§αាα αα៍ int score_st1; α្αឹαα្αូα
char 1s; αិαα្αឹαα្αូα
float love-ss; αិαα្αឹαα្αូα
int ss ee; αិαα្αឹαα្αូα
Keyword αឺαាαាα្ααα្αឹះαែααេα្αើα្αាα់αឹααាα់α្αុααាααααេααូα α ើααាαα’α្αα័α αៃαាαα្αើα្αាα់αុαα្αែααីα្αា α្α៉ាααៀα Keyword αែααាααៅα្αុααាαា C / C++ αុα្ααឹααែαាα’α្αααូα αាំαα’α់ αូα αា asm , auto , bool ,break , case , catch , char , class , const , const_cast , continue , default , delete , do , double , dynamic_cast , else , enum , explicit , export , extern , false , float , for , friend , goto , reinterpret_cast , return , short , signed , sizeof , static , static_cast , struct , switch , template , this , throw , true , try , typedef , typeid , typename , union , unsigned , using , virtual , void , volatile , wchar_t , while …..
Declare Variable : DataType Name_Variable ;
α§αាα αα៍
int score ; // αាαα្ααាαα’αេααោααិααំαα់αំαៃαំαូα
int score = 0; // αំαα់αំαៃαំαូαααα់α’αេα αាαួαេαα ំαួααα់ int
char charater;
char charater = ‘A'; // αំαα់αួα’α្ααα‘αួαំαូα αោαα្αើ ”
string name;
string name = “Jack”; // αំαα់α’α្αααំαូα αោαα្αើ “”
int score1,score2; // αាαα្ααាαα’αេααើααីαα្αុααេααែαួα
Variable Declaration αឺαាαាαα្ααាαα’α’αេα
αាαα្ααាαα’αេααួαα្αូααាα DataType Identifier αែααα្α ាα់αោα ; ។
α’αេααាα 2 α្ααេααំα αឹ Global variable αិα Local variable .
Global Variable :
αឺαាα’αេααែααេα្ααាααៅα្αៅ Function αំαាα់α’ោα Functions αាαាαααៅα្αើ ។
Local Variable :
αឺαាα’αេααែααេα្ααាααៅα្αុα Function αំαាα់α’ោααាααែ Function
αោះαααៅα្αើα៉ុα្αោះ ។
Initialization αឺαាαាαα្ααាαα’αេααោαα្αα់αំαៃαួααៅα’ោαα’αេααោαα្αាα់ αៅαេααេα្ααាα់α’αេααោះ ។
α§.int x = 100;
6.Operator
Operator α្αុααាαា C / C++ αេαែααាα ្αើαα្αែααូα αា :
Arithmetic Operators αិααិα
Compound Assignment :
Increase and decrease (++ , –)
Relational and Equality Operators (==,!=,>,<,>=,<=)
α្αើα្αុααα្αα័α្ααិα ាααា conditional
Logical Operators (!,&&,||)
Conditional Operator (?)
αើcondition αេះ true αោះαាαឹααាααំαៃ result1 αែαើ false αោះαាαឹααាααំαៃ result2
Comma Operator (,)
αាααំαើααាααៃαα្ααិαីαឺαំαα់ b = 3 α ើαα៏α្αើαាααូααα្αែα2αៅαើ b αα្αាα់αααៀααα្α
ូααំαៃα
ុαα្αោααៅα្αុα a αα្ααααឺ a = 5
7.Comment
8.Input / Output
+ printf ( ) : αា Function αំαាα់ Print αិα្αα័ααែααៅα្αុααα្αា “ … ” αααើ Screen output ។ αិαិα្αα§αាα αα៍αាαα្αោα ៖
# include < stdio.h >
# include < conio.h >
main ( )
{
int n; float x; char ch;
n = 5; x = 8.2; ch = ‘A’ ;
Ex1: int n,p;
scanf (“%d%d”, &n, &p);
Ex2: char c;
int n;
scanf (“%c%d”,&c,&n);
Ex4: char c;
int n;
scanf (“ %d %c”, &n, &c);
* Macro getchar( ); αំαាα់ Read character αួααី Keyboard ។
# include <conio.h>
main ( )
{ clrscr ();
int n,p;
printf (“ Enter n = ”); scanf (“ %d”, &n) ;
while (getchar ( )! = ‘\n’);
printf (“ thank you for your Enter Value %d \n”, n) ;
printf (“ Enter P =”); scanf (“ %d”, &p) ;
while (getchar ( ) ! = ‘\n’) ;
printf (“thank you for your Enter Value %d \n”, p) ;
Note: α
ំαោះ textbackground αំαៃ n αិααី ( 0Γ 8 ) ។
Function lowvideo ( ) αិα normvideo( ) : αα្αាαα្αឺ Text, lowvideo( ) α្αើα’ោααα្αឺααα់ text α្αោαααៅ normvideo( ) α្αើα’ោααα្αឺααα់ text ααΞΌαាα‘ើααិα ។
Ex: αααេααាα្α WELCOME ( αោះα’α្αα W E αាααα្αឺ α្αឺ )
# include < stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main( );
{ clrscr () ;
highvideo( ); cprintf (“W”); lowvideo( ); cprintf (“ ELCOM”); highvideo( ); cprintf (“E”);
getch( );
return(0);
}
wherex αិα wherey : αα្αាα់α្αាα់ αូα’ααោαេααα់ Current cursor ។
Ex: # include < stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main ( )
{
int n = 345;
int p = 5;
float x = 34.5678 ;
printf (“A :%d %f \n”, n,x ); printf (“B :%4d %10f \n”, n,x ); printf (“C :%2d %3f \n”, n,x );
printf (“D :%10.3f %10.3ef \n”, x,x );
printf (“E :%*d \n”, p,n ); printf (“F :%*.*f \n”, 12,5,x ); getch ( );
return (0);
}
2. α ូαα្αាα់αីαំαៃαៃ Variable α្ααេα int αឺ n αិα p α្αោααីα’αុαα្αα៏ Statement αាαα្αោαៈ
scanf (“%4d %2d”, &n, &p ); αាαួααិα្αα័ααែααាααα្α ូααូα αាαα្αោα ៖
(αα្αា ^ αាαα្αាααα្αា )
a) 12^ 45 b) 123456
c) 123456^7 d) 1^458
e) ^^^4567^^891
3. α ូααααេα screen output αៃααΞΌαិαីαាαα្αោα ៖
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main ( )
{
char firstname [ ]= “ Chan ” ; char lastname [ ] = “ Dara” ; float money = 5000 ;
clrscr ( ) ; gotoxy(10,10);
printf (“ %s %s, you will get $ %6.2f \n ”, firstname, lastname, money) ;
getch ( ) ;
return (0 ) ;
}
4. α ូααααេα screen output αៃααΞΌαិαីαាαα្αោα ៖
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main ( )
{ int letter ;
/* print Value of code ASCII of characters */
letter = ‘e’ ;
printf (“Code ASCII of %c is %d \n” , letter , letter );
getch ( );
return (0);
}
5. α េαុα’្αីαេαិααα្αើ Function gets ( ) αាα Function scanf ( )?
6. α ូααααα្αែααុααៃ ααΞΌαិαីαាαα្αោα ៖
main ( )
{
char str [ ] = {‘H’ , ‘e’ , ‘l’ , ‘l’ , ‘o’ };
puts (str);
getch ( );
return (0);
C α¬ C++
αា Programming Language αែααααេα αំαាα់αα្αើα
αα្ααិαីαំαើααាααើαុំα្αូα័αα៏αាαα្ααិα្αិαាα αែαα’αុα្αាαα’ោα
αុំα្αូα័α α្αើαួααាα់αាα់αិαα្αឹαα្αូα ។1. α្ααα្αិαα្αេα
-1960 αេαាααα្αើααាαាαααេααα្ααិαីαួαα្αោះ ALGOLαែααា αូαα្αាαα្αឹះαៃαα αាαα្α័α្αααα់αα្ααិαី។-
-1967 αោα Martin Rechards αាααα្αើααាαាαααេααα្ααិαី CPL αα្αាα់αααោα Martin Rechart αាααα្αើααាαាαួααៀαα្αោះ BCPL αែααា Version α្αីααα់ CPL ។
-1970 αោα Ken Tomson αាαុα្ααិαα្αាα់αៅαα្αីααិαោαα៍ Bell αាααααិαីαα្αα៍αីαាαា BCPL αααα្αើααាαា B αែααា Version α្αីααα់ BCPL αែααាααα្ααះα ្αាα់αាα់αើα្αីα្αើα្αាα់α្αុα System Programming
-1972 αាααុα្ααិααួααាααាαα្αាα់ααα់αោα Ken Tomson α្αោះ Dennis Ritchie αាααααាααាααាα់α្αែααាα ្αើαα្αុααាααិαα្αα៍αាαា BCPL αៅ B αααα្αើααាαាαួα αែααើααាαα្αាα់αααα់αα ្α ុα្αα្α αឺαាαា C ។
-1983 αិα្αាα្αាα ANSI αាααα្αើαααះαα្αាαិαាααួα αើα្αីαំαα់ αាαា C α’ោααាααα្ααះα្αα់αា αួα αំαα់α្αោះαា ANSI C ។
C / C++ αាαាαាαααេααα្ααិαីαួα αែααាααាαα្αី α្αាα αូα αែααើααាααឹα α៏α្αោះαែα្ααα្α័αំαើααាα UNIX αឺαα្αើα α‘ើααោααាαា Assembly α ើαα្αើααែαាំαα’α់ α្αូααាα αααេα α‘ើααោααាαា C / C++ ។ α្αុαα’ំα‘ុαα ុααααα្α 1970 αៅα្ααេααឿααឿααួαα ំαួα αាαា C / C++ α្αូααាααេ α្αα្α α្αាααិααα្α ូោα្αុααα្ααិαីαិα្αាαៅαាαα’αុαិα្αាα័α αិα្αាα័α αិα αα ាαិα្αាα័α α្αោះαាαាαាαាαួααែααៅαៀα UNIX αិααាα C Compiler αែαα’ាα α’ោααើα Compile αូααែααើααាααααេα ។
2. αាααα្αើααα្ααិαីαៃαាαា C/C++
*Editing
α្αុααំαាα់αាααេះαឺαាαាααα្αើα Source Code ααα់ C/C++ αិααាααាα់α្αោះα’ោα Source Code αែααាααααេααួα ។ αាαូαៅα្αោះααα់ Source Code αែααាααាα់α្αោះα’ោα
αាααα្ααះαំαាα់ ( xxxxxxx.c ) αំαាα់ C αិα ( xxxxxx.cpp ) αំαាα់ C++ ។
α្αុααាααααេααំαូαα’ោααាααα្ααααេααូααូα αា Turbo C++/C , Code Block , Dev C++ …..
*Compiling
α្αុααំαាα់αាααេះ Compiling αំαែα Source Code αៅαា Machine Code αែααុំα្αូα័αα’ាα αα់αាα α្αααាំαα្αែααα αួα αα្α ាααូααាα Error (α្ααិααើαាα) ។ α្ααិααើα្αាααាα Error αើααាααេ αោះαាαឹααα្αើααាα Object Code αែαα្αូαα្αុαα្αុα File αួαα្αេααៀααឺ Object File αែααាααំαាα់ ( xxxxxx.obj ) ។
*Linking
α្αុααំαាα់αាααេះ Linker αាαα្αំαα្α ូααៅ Object Code αាαួααិα Module Code αែαα’ាααααី Program Library (α្αែααាំ α្αααα់ CPL) αួα αα្αើααា Execut_able File αែααាααα្ααះαំαាα់ ( xxxxxx.exe ) ។ α្α៉ាααិααៀα Linker α៏α’ាα α្αែααα αិα αα្α ាααូααាα Error αααែα ។
*Execution
α្αុααំαាα់αាααេះ αឺαាαំαាα់αាαα ុαα្αោα αៃαាα αំαើααាααα្ααិαី αែααំαាα់αាααាំααីαាααើ αំαើααាα αាα αោααោαα័α ។ α៏α៉ុα្αែα្αុααំαាα់αាααេះ α៏αាααាα Error αើααាα αααែα α្ααិααើαាααាααុααីαα្αα័α្ααំαα់αាαួα αូα αាαាαα’ោααំαៃαុααីαα្αα័α្αααα់αា αេះαេα ៅαា Logic Error ។
3. αំαα់αូαៅαៃαាαា C/C++
α§αាα αα៍
#include<stdio.h> αា Library Function αំαាα់αាαា C
#include<iostream> αា Library Function αំαាα់αាαា C++
using namespace std;
int x = 10; αាαាαα្ααាαα’α្αាαិα្ααេα Global Declarations
int y = 15;
int main(){
int a = 50; αាαាαα្ααាαα’α្αាαិα្ααេα Local Declarations
int b = 80;
printf(“value of x = %d\n”,x);
cout<<“value of x =”<<x<<endl;
……….
return 0;
}
4.Data Type
αឺαា Standard Type αែαα្αូααាααេα្αើαំαាα់ αំαα់αែα αំαៃααα់α’αេα α្α α ំαួααេααោះαៅαេααែααើαα្ααាα់ αើα្αី α្αើα្αាα់ ។ Standard Type αំαាα់ααៅα្αុααាαា C++ αាααូα αា
|
α្ααេα
|
αាαα្αើα្αាα់
|
αំα ំ
|
αែααំαα់
|
| char |
αាαα’ោααួα’α្αα1αួα’α្αα
|
1byte
|
(signed)-128 to 127 |
| short int |
αាαα’ោαα
ំαួααα់
|
2byte
|
(signed) -32768 to 32767 (unsigned) 0 to 65535 |
| int |
αាαα’ោαα
ំαួααα់
|
4byte
|
(signed)-2147483648 to 2147483647 (unsigned) 0 to 4294967295 |
| long int |
αាαα’ោαα
ំαួααα់
|
4byte
|
(signed)-2147483648 to 2147483647 (unsigned) 0 to 4294967295 |
| bool |
αាαα’ោααំαៃαី αឺ
True/False |
1byte
|
true or false
|
| float | αាαα’ោαα ំαួααα្ααាα |
4byte
|
+/-3.4e +/-38(~7 digits) |
| double | αាαα’ោαα ំαួααα្ααាα |
8byte
|
+/-1.7e +/-308(~15 digits) |
| long double | αាαα’ោαα ំαួααα្ααាα |
8byte
|
+/-1.7e +/-308(~15 digits) |
| wchar_t | αាαα’ោααួαα’α្ααα ្αើααួ |
2 or 4byte
|
1 wild charater |
α’αេααឺαាαំα ំαែαα’ាα α្αែα្αួααំαៃ α’αេαααα់αα្ααិαីαឺαាα្αោះαៃαំαα់ Memory αα្αាααិα្αα័α។αα្αាαα’αេαα្αូααាαα្ααាα់αោαααៀααាα់α្αោះα’αេααៅα្αែα Variable Declarition ។
α្αោះα’αេα / Identifiers(Variable Name) : α’αេααែαα្αូααាα α្ααាα់αំαាα់α្αើα្αាα់α្αុααាαាαααេααα្ααិαី ។ αើαα’ាα αំαα់ α្αោះα’ោαα’αេα αាααាααេα α្αីα្αូααាαα ើαα្αោះαែαα្ααាα់αួα α្αូααាααα្αាαុαα្αុαMemory αែααាααំα ំ α’ាα្α័ααៅ αាαα្ααេα αិα្αα័αααα់α’αេααោះ។
Identifiers α្αោះαែαα្αើαំαាα់αាαα’ោαα’α្αាαិαាαួα α ើααាααាαα្αោះαេះαាααα្αα័α្ααូα ααៅ
-A,B,C….a,b,c…αាαួα’α្ααα’α់α្αេα αឺ underscore ” _ ” αាំαុααាαិα ្α
-α ាαααα្αា
-1,2,3,4,…9 α’ាα αាααួαេααែαិαα’ាα αៅαាααុααេαេ
-α ាαα្αើα្αោះαាα់αឹα Keyword
-α ាαα្αើ Symbol as & % + – / ^ . \ | ……
-α’ាα α្αើ underscore ” _ ” α ំαួααាαααα្αា
α§αាα αα៍ int score_st1; α្αឹαα្αូα
char 1s; αិαα្αឹαα្αូα
float love-ss; αិαα្αឹαα្αូα
int ss ee; αិαα្αឹαα្αូα
Keyword αឺαាαាα្ααα្αឹះαែααេα្αើα្αាα់αឹααាα់α្αុααាααααេααូα α ើααាαα’α្αα័α αៃαាαα្αើα្αាα់αុαα្αែααីα្αា α្α៉ាααៀα Keyword αែααាααៅα្αុααាαា C / C++ αុα្ααឹααែαាα’α្αααូα αាំαα’α់ αូα αា asm , auto , bool ,break , case , catch , char , class , const , const_cast , continue , default , delete , do , double , dynamic_cast , else , enum , explicit , export , extern , false , float , for , friend , goto , reinterpret_cast , return , short , signed , sizeof , static , static_cast , struct , switch , template , this , throw , true , try , typedef , typeid , typename , union , unsigned , using , virtual , void , volatile , wchar_t , while …..
Declare Variable : DataType Name_Variable ;
α§αាα αα៍
int score ; // αាαα្ααាαα’αេααោααិααំαα់αំαៃαំαូα
int score = 0; // αំαα់αំαៃαំαូαααα់α’αេα αាαួαេαα ំαួααα់ int
char charater;
char charater = ‘A'; // αំαα់αួα’α្ααα‘αួαំαូα αោαα្αើ ”
string name;
string name = “Jack”; // αំαα់α’α្αααំαូα αោαα្αើ “”
int score1,score2; // αាαα្ααាαα’αេααើααីαα្αុααេααែαួα
Variable Declaration αឺαាαាαα្ααាαα’α’αេα
αាαα្ααាαα’αេααួαα្αូααាα DataType Identifier αែααα្α ាα់αោα ; ។
α’αេααាα 2 α្ααេααំα αឹ Global variable αិα Local variable .
Global Variable :
αឺαាα’αេααែααេα្ααាααៅα្αៅ Function αំαាα់α’ោα Functions αាαាαααៅα្αើ ។
Local Variable :
αឺαាα’αេααែααេα្ααាααៅα្αុα Function αំαាα់α’ោααាααែ Function
αោះαααៅα្αើα៉ុα្αោះ ។
Initialization αឺαាαាαα្ααាαα’αេααោαα្αα់αំαៃαួααៅα’ោαα’αេααោαα្αាα់ αៅαេααេα្ααាα់α’αេααោះ ។
α§.int x = 100;
6.Operator
Operator α្αុααាαា C / C++ αេαែααាα ្αើαα្αែααូα αា :
Arithmetic Operators αិααិα
|
αα្αា
|
α’α្αα័α
|
α§αាα αα៍
|
|
+
|
αូα |
c = a + b ;
|
|
-
|
αα |
d = e – d ;
|
|
*
|
αុα |
a = b * c ;
|
|
/
|
α ែα |
a = b / c ;
|
|
%
|
αំαα់αៃαាαα ែα |
k = m % n ;
|
|
αα្αា
|
α§αាα αα៍
|
α’α្αα័α
|
|
+=
|
c += b; |
c = c + b ;
|
|
-=
|
d -= e; |
d = d -e ;
|
|
*=
|
a *= c; |
a = a * c ;
|
|
/=
|
a /= c; |
a = a / c ;
|
|
%=
|
k %= n; |
k = k % n ;
|
|
α§αាα αα៍
|
α’α្αα័α
|
| n++; | αំαើααាααូααំαៃ n αួα α ើααើααាααូα 1 αα្αែααៅαើαំαៃ n |
| ++n; | αូα 1 αα្αែααៅαើαំαៃ n αួα α ើααើααំαើααាααូααំαៃ n |
| n–; | αំαើααាααូααំαៃ n αួα α ើααើααាααα 1 αីαើαំαៃ n |
| –n; | αα 1 αីαើαំαៃ nαួα α ើααើααំαើααាααូααំαៃ n |
α្αើα្αុααα្αα័α្ααិα ាααា conditional
|
αα្αា
|
α’α្αα័α
|
α§αាα αα៍
|
| == | α្αើ | if(a==5).. |
| != | αិαα្αើ | if(a!=5).. |
| > | αំαាα | if(a>5).. |
| < | αូα αាα | if(a<5).. |
| >= | αំαាααឺα្αើ | if(a>=5).. |
| <= | αូα αាααឺα្αើ | if(a<=5).. |
|
a
|
b
|
a&&b
|
a||b
|
!a
|
| True | True | True | True | False |
| True | False | False | True | False |
| False | True | False | True | True |
| False | False | False | False | True |
|
α§αាα αα៍ |
| !(5==5) // evaluates to false because the expression at its right (5==5) is true. !(6<=4) // evaluates to true because (6<=4) is false. !true // evaluates to false. !false // evaluates to true. |
αើcondition αេះ true αោះαាαឹααាααំαៃ result1 αែαើ false αោះαាαឹααាααំαៃ result2
|
Example
|
| a = (7==5?4:3); // a = 3 cause 7==5 is false |
|
Code
|
αα្ααα
|
| //conditional operator#include <iostream>using namespace std;
int main(){ int a,b,c; a=2; b=7; c=(a>b)?a:b; cout<<c; return 0; } |
7 |
|
Example
|
| a = ( b = 3 , b+2 ); |
|
Example
|
| int number; // declare variable number as integer char name; /* declare variable name as charactor */ |
| //…………. α្αើαាααែα‘αα្αាα់/*………… α្αើαាαα ្αើααα្αាα់……………. ………*/ |
|
For C++
|
||
| Key word | Meaning | Example |
| cin | αα្α ូααិα្αα័α | cin>>n; |
| cout | αα្α ាααិα្αα័α | cout<<n; |
|
For C
|
||
| Key word | Meaning | Example |
| scanf | αα្α ូααិα្αα័α | scanf(“%d”,n); |
| printf | αα្α ាααិα្αα័α | printf(“%d”,n); |
αេαៀααីα£: αα្α ូα αិα αα្α េααិα្αα័α
αេαៀααីα£: αα្α
ូα αិα αα្α
េααិα្αα័α DATA Input & Output
I. α’αុααα៍ printf ( ) and putchar ( ) :+ printf ( ) : αា Function αំαាα់ Print αិα្αα័ααែααៅα្αុααα្αា “ … ” αααើ Screen output ។ αិαិα្αα§αាα αα៍αាαα្αោα ៖
# include < stdio.h >
# include < conio.h >
main ( )
{
int n; float x; char ch;
n = 5; x = 8.2; ch = ‘A’ ;
Note : + %d αែα % αា Format code αិα d αា Conversion code ។
+ αើα α់ print Expression (Variable ) αោះαើαα្αូααំαα់ Format α’ោααំαៃαៃαα្αោααោះ ។
αាαាα Format Code :
+ αើα α់ print Expression (Variable ) αោះαើαα្αូααំαα់ Format α’ោααំαៃαៃαα្αោααោះ ។
αាαាα Format Code :
| Format Code |
α’α្αα័α
|
| %c | Print αα្αាα ំαួααា characters short, int |
| %d | Print αα្αាα ំαួα int , short |
| %u | Print αα្αាα ំαួα αΞΌាαααាា, unsigned int, |
| %ld | Print αα្αាα ំαួα long |
| %X, %x | Print αα្αាα ំαួααα់αាαα្αោααាα hexa |
| %o | Print αα្αាα ំαួααα់αាαα្αោααាα Octab ( αោα 8) |
| %f %lf | Print float, double |
| %s | Print string |
* αើα
α់ print % α្αូααααេα
printf (“ 50 %%” ); Γ 50%
+ print αំαេα Beep :
printf (“ \a\a Enter Value :”);
+putchar ( c) : αា Function αំαាα់ print character αួααααើ screen ។
ch = ‘a’; putchar (ch); Γ a
+ puts : αំαាα់ Print string αααើ screen, α ើα Cursor αិαα ុះαα្αាα់,
puts (“this is a character”) ;
fprintf (stdprn, “ Print Data on printer!”); αិα print
αិα្αα័ααៅα្αុα printer ។ stdprn :αំαាα់αα្αាαុំα្αូα័αα’ោα print αៅ
printer ។printf (“ 50 %%” ); Γ 50%
+ print αំαេα Beep :
printf (“ \a\a Enter Value :”);
+putchar ( c) : αា Function αំαាα់ print character αួααααើ screen ។
ch = ‘a’; putchar (ch); Γ a
+ puts : αំαាα់ Print string αααើ screen, α ើα Cursor αិαα ុះαα្αាα់,
puts (“this is a character”) ;
II. Print Data into printer :
III. scanf( ) function :
αា Function αំαាα់ Read data from keyboardEx1: int n,p;
scanf (“%d%d”, &n, &p);
Ex2: char c;
int n;
scanf (“%c%d”,&c,&n);
| αើ ៖ | Enter a25 |
Result
c = ‘a’ , n = 25
|
|
| a^^25 | c = ‘a’ , n = 25 | ||
| αែαើ ៖ | Ex3: char | c; | |
| int n;scanf (“ %d %c”, &n, &c); | |||
| Enter | Result | ||
| 12^a | Γ | n = 12; c = ‘^’; (αិααែα = ‘a’ αេ ) | |
int n;
scanf (“ %d %c”, &n, &c);
| Enter | Result | |
| 12^a | Γ | n = 12; c = ‘a’; |
| 12^^a | Γ | n = 12; c = ‘a’; |
Ex: c = getchar ( );
Ex: # include <stdio.h># include <conio.h>
main ( )
{ clrscr ();
int n,p;
printf (“ Enter n = ”); scanf (“ %d”, &n) ;
while (getchar ( )! = ‘\n’);
printf (“ thank you for your Enter Value %d \n”, n) ;
printf (“ Enter P =”); scanf (“ %d”, &p) ;
while (getchar ( ) ! = ‘\n’) ;
getch(); }
Statement : while (getchar ( ) != ‘n\’); αាαα័ααា ៖ Read character αα ូααα់ Enter αើααα់
Note : scanf (“%d”,&n); Readln (n) α្αុα Pascal ។
αើαα’ាα αំαួα while (getchar ( ) ! = ‘\n’); αោα gets (ss);
scanf (“%d”, &n);
gets (ss);
αើα្αី chear stdin αើαα្αើ Statemenut fflush(stdin);
* Control αើαាα character Read αα្α ូα α¬α’α់ ៖ kbhit ( ):
Function αេះαឹαα្αួααិαិα្ααើα,αាα Read character αាαី Keyboard α¬α’α់, α ើααែα Character αំαុαα្αិααៅα្αុα memory ។ kbhit ( ) αααូα αិα keypressed α្αុα Pascal ។ αាα្αុαα្αុα <conio.h>
Statement : while (getchar ( ) != ‘n\’); αាαα័ααា ៖ Read character αα ូααα់ Enter αើααα់
Note : scanf (“%d”,&n); Readln (n) α្αុα Pascal ។
<=>
while (getchar( ) ! = ‘\n’); (Read αំαៃα ើαα
ុះαα្αាα់αែα្αα )αើαα’ាα αំαួα while (getchar ( ) ! = ‘\n’); αោα gets (ss);
scanf (“%d”, &n);
gets (ss);
αើα្αី chear stdin αើαα្αើ Statemenut fflush(stdin);
* Control αើαាα character Read αα្α ូα α¬α’α់ ៖ kbhit ( ):
Function αេះαឹαα្αួααិαិα្ααើα,αាα Read character αាαី Keyboard α¬α’α់, α ើααែα Character αំαុαα្αិααៅα្αុα memory ។ kbhit ( ) αααូα αិα keypressed α្αុα Pascal ។ αាα្αុαα្αុα <conio.h>
Ex:
Note :
# include <conio.h>
# include <stdio.h>
int main (void )
{ clrscr () ;
cprintf (“\r\npress any key to continue :”); while(!kbhit ( ) ); /* No action */ cprintf (“\r\n you have press a key ! \r\n”);
getch ( );
return (0);
}
-cprintf() :αា Function <=> printf, α្αុα cprintf =>
α’α់α្αាα់ \n αាαα្αាα
ុះαើααα្αាα់αេ, α្αូαα្αើ\r\n αើαα្αាα់αា
α
ុះαើααα្αាα់ ។# include <conio.h>
# include <stdio.h>
int main (void )
{ clrscr () ;
cprintf (“\r\npress any key to continue :”); while(!kbhit ( ) ); /* No action */ cprintf (“\r\n you have press a key ! \r\n”);
getch ( );
return (0);
}
* getch ( ) Function (αααូααឹα Readkey α្αុα Pascal )
getche ( ) Function α្ααេα Macro Read character αីαួαααី keyboard ។ character
Read αី keyboard α្αូααាααំαែααααី screen ។
α ំαែα Function getch ( ) α៏αាα្ααេα Macro Read character αី keyboard αែα αែ ,Character
αែα Read αី keyboard αោះαិααំαែααααើ screen αេ ។ ( αααូα αិα Readkey α្αុα Pascal )
។ αូα
្αេះαើαα’αុαα្αα៏ Function getch( ) α្αុαααΞΌαិαី Password ។
α្α៉ាααៀααើαα្αើ Functionαេះαៅ α
ុααៃα្αα់ααΞΌαិαីαាំα α’α់αើα្αីαα់
screen output ។getche ( ) Function α្ααេα Macro Read character αីαួαααី keyboard ។ character
Read αី keyboard α្αូααាααំαែααααី screen ។
α ំαែα Function getch ( ) α៏αាα្ααេα Macro Read character αី keyboard αែα αែ ,Character
αែα Read αី keyboard αោះαិααំαែααααើ screen αេ ។ ( αααូα αិα Readkey α្αុα Pascal )
+ Function getche( ) αិα getch( ) αូα
α្αាα្αα់ Read αួα character αី keyboard αោααិαα
ាំ
Enter, αែαុαα្αាα្αα់ Function getche ( )αិααំαែα character αែα Read αី keyboard αααើ screen ។
+ Function getche( ) αិα getche( ) : Read α្αα់αី keyboard αែα្αα, αោααិαα្αααាα់ stdin αេ ។
αើα្αី Read password, αូααិαិα្α Example αាαα្αោααែααាαα្αើ Function get pass( ):
Ex: Read password :
# include < stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
int main (void)
{
char *password; clrscr ();
password = getpass (“Enter password :”);
cprintf (“ password is : %s \r\n”, password);
getch( );
return (0);
}
* gets ( ) Function : ( αααូα Readln(st) α្αុα Pascal )
gets ( ) αំαាα់ Read string αី keyboard αα ូααα់ Enter αើααα់ ។ αα្αាα់αី Read αួα αាαែα
αα្αា αα្α α់ αα្αាα់ (\0) αៅαាαα ុα String ។
Ex:
# include < stdio.h>
# include < conio.h>
main ( )
{ clrscr ():
char name[80];
printf (“\n Enter your name :”);
gets (name);
printf (“\n your name is %s”, name );
getch ( );
return (0);
}
Enter, αែαុαα្αាα្αα់ Function getche ( )αិααំαែα character αែα Read αី keyboard αααើ screen ។
+ Function getche( ) αិα getche( ) : Read α្αα់αី keyboard αែα្αα, αោααិαα្αααាα់ stdin αេ ។
αើα្αី Read password, αូααិαិα្α Example αាαα្αោααែααាαα្αើ Function get pass( ):
Ex: Read password :
# include < stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
int main (void)
{
char *password; clrscr ();
password = getpass (“Enter password :”);
cprintf (“ password is : %s \r\n”, password);
getch( );
return (0);
}
* gets ( ) Function : ( αααូα Readln(st) α្αុα Pascal )
gets ( ) αំαាα់ Read string αី keyboard αα ូααα់ Enter αើααα់ ។ αα្αាα់αី Read αួα αាαែα
αα្αា αα្α α់ αα្αាα់ (\0) αៅαាαα ុα String ។
Ex:
# include < stdio.h>
# include < conio.h>
main ( )
{ clrscr ():
char name[80];
printf (“\n Enter your name :”);
gets (name);
printf (“\n your name is %s”, name );
getch ( );
return (0);
}
Note : Programmer αើα
α់α្αាα់αាααាαα្αុααាα Readnumber αិα String αα្αីα្αើα្αាα់
αំαាα់ αាα αាαα្αោα ៖
+ Read α ំαួααα់ ៖ αα្αាα់αី Enter;
gets (str );
i = atoi (str); /* a to int */
+ Read α ំαួααិα ៖ αα្αាα់αីα ុα Enter;
j = atof (str); /* a to float */
Total Function input / output Data α្αុα language :
+ getchar ( )and putchar( ): (macro) Read αិα write character αួααី keyboard ។
+ gets ( ) and puts ( ): Read αិα write string ( αិααាំααα្αា space ) ។
+ scanf ( ): Read αាα format Code ( %), αាα Conversion code (d)
+ printf ( ): write Data αាα format code, Conversion code ។
+ getche() αិα getch( ): Read character α្αα់αី Keyboard αោααិαα ាំ Enter, αិαα្αααាα់ stdin ។
* gotoxy (int x, int y );
αាំ Cursor αៅαីαាំα x, y αៃ screen output ។ x = 1 αα់ 80 , y = 1 αα់ 25 ។
Ex: # include < stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
int main (void)
{
clrsrcr( )
gotoxy (35,12); cprintf (“Hello world !!!”);
getch ( );
return (0);
}
™ clrscr ( ); (clear screen )
αា Function αំαាα់αុααំα’ាα screen output, αα្αាα់αααាαាំ Cursor αៅαីαាំα (1, 1) ។
clreol ( ): (Clear end of line )
αា Function αុααα្αា character αីα ំαុα Current cursor αៅα ុααα្αាα់ ។
textcolor (n) αិα textbackground (n): αាα់αα៏ text αិααα៏ Background
αាαាα Colors :αំαាα់ αាα αាαα្αោα ៖
+ Read α ំαួααα់ ៖ αα្αាα់αី Enter;
gets (str );
i = atoi (str); /* a to int */
+ Read α ំαួααិα ៖ αα្αាα់αីα ុα Enter;
j = atof (str); /* a to float */
Total Function input / output Data α្αុα language :
+ getchar ( )and putchar( ): (macro) Read αិα write character αួααី keyboard ។
+ gets ( ) and puts ( ): Read αិα write string ( αិααាំααα្αា space ) ។
+ scanf ( ): Read αាα format Code ( %), αាα Conversion code (d)
+ printf ( ): write Data αាα format code, Conversion code ។
+ getche() αិα getch( ): Read character α្αα់αី Keyboard αោααិαα ាំ Enter, αិαα្αααាα់ stdin ។
* gotoxy (int x, int y );
αាំ Cursor αៅαីαាំα x, y αៃ screen output ។ x = 1 αα់ 80 , y = 1 αα់ 25 ។
Ex: # include < stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
int main (void)
{
clrsrcr( )
gotoxy (35,12); cprintf (“Hello world !!!”);
getch ( );
return (0);
}
™ clrscr ( ); (clear screen )
αា Function αំαាα់αុααំα’ាα screen output, αα្αាα់αααាαាំ Cursor αៅαីαាំα (1, 1) ។
clreol ( ): (Clear end of line )
αា Function αុααα្αា character αីα ំαុα Current cursor αៅα ុααα្αាα់ ។
textcolor (n) αិα textbackground (n): αាα់αα៏ text αិααα៏ Background
| Const |
Value
|
| BLACK |
0
|
| BLUE |
1
|
| GREEN |
2
|
| CYAN |
3
|
| RED |
4
|
| MAGENTA |
5
|
| BROWN |
6
|
| LIGHT GRAY |
7
|
| DARKGRAY |
8
|
| LIGHT BLUE |
9
|
| LIGHT GREEN |
10
|
| LIGHT CYAN |
11
|
| LIGHT RED |
12
|
| LIGHT MAGENTA |
13
|
| YELLOW |
14
|
| WHITE |
15
|
| BLINK |
128
|
Function lowvideo ( ) αិα normvideo( ) : αα្αាαα្αឺ Text, lowvideo( ) α្αើα’ោααα្αឺααα់ text α្αោαααៅ normvideo( ) α្αើα’ោααα្αឺααα់ text ααΞΌαាα‘ើααិα ។
Ex: αααេααាα្α WELCOME ( αោះα’α្αα W E αាααα្αឺ α្αឺ )
# include < stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main( );
{ clrscr () ;
highvideo( ); cprintf (“W”); lowvideo( ); cprintf (“ ELCOM”); highvideo( ); cprintf (“E”);
getch( );
return(0);
}
wherex αិα wherey : αα្αាα់α្αាα់ αូα’ααោαេααα់ Current cursor ។
Ex: # include < stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
int main (void)
{
clrscr ( );
gotoxy (10,10);
printf (“coordinate x :%d y :%d \n”, wherex, wherey);
getch( ); return(0);
}
int main(void)
{
window (10, 10, 40, 11); textcolor (YELLOW);
textbackground (BLUE); clrscr ();
cprintf(“This is a test \n”);
getch( );
return(0);
}
{
clrscr ( );
gotoxy (10,10);
printf (“coordinate x :%d y :%d \n”, wherex, wherey);
getch( ); return(0);
}
window (int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2 );
αា Function αα្αើα text window αែααាααូα’ααោαេ αុំαែααាα
αើα្αែααាαα្αេα αាα
ំαុα
(x1,y1) αិα αុំαែααាαα្αោαα្αែααាαα្αាំ (x2, y2)
α ើα statement print data on screen αិα print data αααើ Text window
αែααើααឹααα្αើααេះ ។
Ex: # include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>int main(void)
{
window (10, 10, 40, 11); textcolor (YELLOW);
textbackground (BLUE); clrscr ();
cprintf(“This is a test \n”);
getch( );
return(0);
}
αំα ាα់α’αុαα្αα៍
1. α
ូααααេα Screen output αៃ program αាαα្αោα ៖# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main ( )
{
int n = 345;
int p = 5;
float x = 34.5678 ;
printf (“A :%d %f \n”, n,x ); printf (“B :%4d %10f \n”, n,x ); printf (“C :%2d %3f \n”, n,x );
printf (“D :%10.3f %10.3ef \n”, x,x );
printf (“E :%*d \n”, p,n ); printf (“F :%*.*f \n”, 12,5,x ); getch ( );
return (0);
}
2. α ូαα្αាα់αីαំαៃαៃ Variable α្ααេα int αឺ n αិα p α្αោααីα’αុαα្αα៏ Statement αាαα្αោαៈ
scanf (“%4d %2d”, &n, &p ); αាαួααិα្αα័ααែααាααα្α ូααូα αាαα្αោα ៖
(αα្αា ^ αាαα្αាααα្αា )
a) 12^ 45 b) 123456
c) 123456^7 d) 1^458
e) ^^^4567^^891
3. α ូααααេα screen output αៃααΞΌαិαីαាαα្αោα ៖
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main ( )
{
char firstname [ ]= “ Chan ” ; char lastname [ ] = “ Dara” ; float money = 5000 ;
clrscr ( ) ; gotoxy(10,10);
printf (“ %s %s, you will get $ %6.2f \n ”, firstname, lastname, money) ;
getch ( ) ;
}
4. α ូααααេα screen output αៃααΞΌαិαីαាαα្αោα ៖
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main ( )
{ int letter ;
/* print Value of code ASCII of characters */
letter = ‘e’ ;
printf (“Code ASCII of %c is %d \n” , letter , letter );
getch ( );
return (0);
}
5. α េαុα’្αីαេαិααα្αើ Function gets ( ) αាα Function scanf ( )?
6. α ូααααα្αែααុααៃ ααΞΌαិαីαាαα្αោα ៖
main ( )
{
char str [ ] = {‘H’ , ‘e’ , ‘l’ , ‘l’ , ‘o’ };
puts (str);
getch ( );
return (0);
